Prevalence and Associated Factors of Cracked Nipples in Postpartum Women

Cracked nipples are a common complication of breastfeeding and significantly impact the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding, particularly during the first 30 days after childbirth. 

This study sought to assess the prevalence of cracked nipples and identify related factors in the postpartum period. This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a convenient sample of 817 postpartum women. Three instruments were employed: a structured interview questionnaire, a Nipple Soreness Rating Scale, and a Cracked Nipples-Associated Factors questionnaire.

The results showed that approximately 75% of the postpartum women experienced cracked nipples, with over one-third suffering from moderate to severe cases. Nearly 66% had improper nipple attachment, and most used incorrect breastfeeding techniques.

The study concluded that high prevalence of cracked nipples was linked to several factors, including women aged 20-30, those who were unemployed, those who had cesarean deliveries, lack of breastfeeding guidance in the first week postpartum, inadequate nipple preparation during pregnancy, breast engorgement, poor breast care, feeding on demand, forcibly removing the nipple after feeding, use of pacifiers, improper latching, and incorrect positioning during breastfeeding.

Therefore, it is suggested to develop nursing guidelines for pregnant and postpartum women that focus on proper breastfeeding techniques and prevention of cracked nipples.

Source: Santos KJ, Santana GS, Vieira Tde O, Santos CA, Giugliani ER, Vieira GO. Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016 Aug 5;16(1):209. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0999-4. PMID: 27496088; PMCID: PMC4975913.