Dietary patterns of patients on GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are rising globally, leading to serious health complications. Medical and nutrition experts recommend weight loss to improve outcomes for these conditions. Glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GIP/GLP-1RAs) are increasingly used due to their effectiveness in promoting weight loss and controlling blood sugar in individuals with obesity and/or T2DM. However, their impact on dietary intake is less understood.

A recent narrative review summarized clinical studies that assess dietary intake in individuals with obesity and/or T2DM using GLP-1 or GIP/GLP-1 RAs.

The authors observed a 16-39% reduction in total caloric intake among users of these medications, though few evaluated diet compositions. While GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1RAs reduce calorie intake, appetite, and cravings, data on protein, vitamins, and minerals essential for health are limited. Additionally, few studies included dietary counseling or the involvement of registered dietitians.

Further research is warranted to understand the nutritional needs, dietary patterns, and quality of adults on GLP-1 or GIP/GLP-1RAs and develop dietary guidelines for this group. This will help determine the impact of combining these medications with Medical Nutrition Therapy on weight loss, health, and quality of life.

Source: Christensen S, Robinson K, Thomas S, et al. Obesity Pillars. 2024 Jul 25:100121.