“All disease begins in the gut”. Hippocrates The gut with its resident microbiome is the most complex organ system in the body. It serves digestion, absorption, metabolism, endocrine, neural and immune functions. The microbiome-brain-beta ..Read More

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystemic disease with extrahepatic associations.The prevalence of NAFLD in India ranges between 9% and 53%. There is geographical variation in prevalence. There is also a rural-urban divide w..Read More

Raised IgG is a useful marker to identify drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIAIH) from drug-induced liver injury (DILI). On liver biopsy, portal CD20+ mature B cells and plasma cells favor AIH. The long-term outcomes of DILI were examined in..Read More

In the realm of combined acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) models: The APASL-AARC model is utilized for liver transplant decisions and reversal recovery considerations. The CLIF/NACSELD model guides nonliver transplant care, focusing on s..Read More

A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to study the effect of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) therapy on sarcopenia in 44 children with cirrhosis. The primary objective was to assess the increase in..Read More

Bridging therapies in ACLF are used for bridging to liver transplant (LT) and to spontaneous recovery.Plasma exchange is the most studied and has better evidence of survival improvement in ACLF as compared to other modalities.  Extracorpo..Read More

The environment has a modifying impact on every compartment relevant to infl ammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis.  Exposures from birth shape disease risk; breastfeeding lowers the risk of both Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative c..Read More

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is often associated with thrombophilic disorder(s), warranting an extensive thrombophilic work-up. Anticoagulation should be initiated promptly to address PVT.  Radiological interventions are recommended for tho..Read More

Dysphagia with a normal endoscopy presents a challenge in diagnosis. While encountering such cases, the clinicians should remember the following points: Dysphagia with a normal endoscopy should prompt consideration of eosinophilic esophagitis ..Read More

Functional constipation, as per Rome IV criteria, must include ≥2 of the following: straining during more than one-fourth (25%) of defecations, lumpy/hard stools (BSFS 1,2) more than one-fourth (25%) of defecations, sensation of incomplete ..Read More

Severe alcohol-related hepatitis (SAH) is a severe form of acute decompensation in alcoholic liver disease, marked by rapid onset of jaundice, malaise, anorexia, tender hepatomegaly and features of systemic infl ammatory response syndrome, wi..Read More

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, part of the spectrum of autoimmune liver diseases, which includes primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and overlap syndromes (AIH-PBC/ AIH-PSC..Read More

The common etiologies of acute liver failure (ALF) include viral hepatitis, drugs, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, vascular causes and toxins.Investigations performed in ALF include CBC, LFT, INR, blood sugar, serology (HAV, HCV, HEV, HBV..Read More